Corporate actions typically involve which of the following?

Corporate actions refer to significant events undertaken by a company that can lead to changes in the company's stock or impact its shareholders. The emphasis is on events that materially affect the company, such as mergers and acquisitions, stock splits, dividends, or rights issues. These actions typically involve decisions made by the company's board of directors and can change the ownership structure, the financial position, or the market perception of the company.

The other options represent activities or scenarios that do not align as closely with the definition of corporate actions. Stock buybacks and IPOs can be considered corporate actions, but they are specific examples rather than a broad definition. Daily trading activity and market analysis pertain more to the routine functioning of the stock market rather than pivotal company changes. Similarly, loan agreements and contract settlements are related to financing and operational agreements rather than actions that necessitate shareholder votes or have a significant impact on equity ownership or the capital structure of the company.