What does resilience and fail-over protect against?

Resilience and fail-over mechanisms are crucial components of systems designed to ensure continuous operation, particularly in environments where uptime is critical. They protect against system failure by implementing standby equipment that can take over when primary systems encounter issues. This means that if the main system experiences a failure—be it a hardware malfunction, power interruption, or any other unexpected event—the standby system can seamlessly take over, minimizing service disruption and maintaining operational integrity.

Standby systems are generally configured to mirror the primary systems, allowing for quick switchover processes. This concept is fundamental in data centers, communication systems, and different types of IT infrastructures, where the goal is to ensure that users experience minimal downtime and data integrity is maintained.

Other options do not relate to the primary function of resilience and fail-over. Unauthorized data access pertains to security measures rather than system continuity. Data loss during transmission is generally mitigated by other protocols or encryption methods. Network congestion issues involve performance optimization and bandwidth management, not directly connected to the fail-over strategies. Thus, the essence of resilience and fail-over lies in their design to preserve functionality in the face of system failures, making the focus on standby equipment appropriate.